ESDU Performance Series
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Section 1 : Explanatory and General Guidance
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ESDU 99035
Performance Series record of documents -
ESDU Notation and Units
Notation and units in Performance Data Items -
ESDU CFA
Conversion factors. -
ESDU 80009
The use of Data Items on aircraft performance measurement. -
ESDU 80026
The use of Data Items on aircraft performance estimation. -
ESDU 04008
Use of Carpet Plots to represent functions of two variables. -
ESDU 04012
Examples of construction of carpet plots from experimental data.
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ESDU 99035
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Section 2 : Equations of Motion
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ESDU 78038
Introduction to equations of motion for performance. -
ESDU 80032
Simplified forms of performance equations. -
ESDU 86004
Simplified forms of performance equations. Addendum A: effect on aeroplane level speed of small changes in thrust, drag, weight, power. -
ESDU 92019
Estimation of rate of climb. -
ESDU 94039
Effects of small changes on rate of climb. -
ESDU 81046
Acceleration factors for climb and descent rates at constant EAS, CAS, M. -
ESDU 94040
Effects of cabin pressure on climb and descent rates.
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ESDU 78038
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Section 3 : Atmospheric Data
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ESDU 68046
Atmospheric data for performance calculations. -
ESDU 72018
Atmospheric data for performance calculations. Addendum: height in feet, data in SI units. -
ESDU 77022
Equations for calculation of International Standard Atmosphere and associated off-standard atmospheres. -
ESDU 78012
Height relationships for non-standard atmospheres.
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ESDU 68046
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Section 4 : Airspeed Data
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ESDU 69026
Airspeed data for performance calculations.
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ESDU 69026
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Section 5 : Drag of Airframes
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ESDU ASTEROID
Aircraft Surface Tolerances for Enhanced Repair, Operations and Design -
ESDU 81026
Representation of drag in aircraft performance calculations (with Addenda A to G). -
ESDU 97016
Estimation of airframe drag by summation of components: principles and examples. -
ESDU 94044
Excrescence drag levels on aircraft. -
ESDU 88006
Estimation of drag arising from asymmetry in thrust or airframe configuration.
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ESDU ASTEROID
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Section 6 : Drag of Engines
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ESDU 84005
Estimation of drag due to inoperative turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines using Data Item Nos 81009 and 84004. -
ESDU 81009
Estimation of windmilling drag and airflow of turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 84004
Estimation of spillage drag for a wide range of axisymmetric intakes at M less than 1.
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ESDU 84005
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Section 7 : Estimation - Jet and Fan Engine Thrust
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ESDU 76034
Estimation of take-off thrust using generalised data for turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 77001
Effect of intake total pressure loss on net thrust at take-off: turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines.
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ESDU 76034
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Section 8 : Estimation - Propellers
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ESDU 83001
Approximate parametric method for propeller thrust estimation. -
ESDU 83028
Approximate parametric method for propeller thrust estimation. Addendum A: application to fixed-pitch propellers. -
ESDU PERF ED1/1
Approximate estimation of drag of windmilling propellers. -
ESDU PERF ED1/2
Approximate estimation of braking thrust of propellers (piston engines).
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ESDU 83001
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Section 9a : Tyre-Runway Forces - Mathematical Models for Calculating Forces
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ESDU 23001
Introduction to ESDU tyre-runway modelling- summary - -
ESDU 23002
Tyre braking on dry or water-covered runways - summary of ESDU tyre-runway modelling- summary - -
ESDU 23003
Static braking-force coefficients for tyres on wet and dry surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23004
Tyre skidding on dry, paved surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23005
Tyre slipping on dry, paved surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23006
Tyre skidding on wet, paved surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23007
Tyre slipping on wet, paved surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23008
Decelerating forces on tyres moving through water or slush- summary - -
ESDU 16008
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres -Introduction to the ESDU methods -
ESDU 15002
Definitions for runway contaminants and the classification and distribution of hard runway surfaces -
ESDU 05011
Summary of the model for performance of an aircraft tyre rolling or braking on dry or precipitate contaminated runways. -
ESDU 10015
Model for performance of a single aircraft tyre rolling or braking on dry and precipitate contaminated runways -
ESDU 13007
Side-force coefficients on aircraft tyres in yawed and unbraked motion on dry and wet pavements -
ESDU 11004
Decelerating forces on multiple-wheel undercarriages rolling or braking on precipitate contaminated runways
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ESDU 23001
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Section 9b : Tyre-Runway Forces - Worked Examples
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ESDU 23009
Aircraft braking on dry runway
Application of ESDU 23002- summary - -
ESDU 23010
Aircraft tyre in linear motion braking on water-covered runway:
Application of ESDU 23002- summary - -
ESDU 23003
Static braking-force coefficients for tyres on wet and dry surfaces- summary - -
ESDU 23011
Ground-test machine operating on water-covered runway surface:
Application of ESDU 23002 -
ESDU 24003
Worked example for aircraft with multiple-wheel undercarriages braking on water-covered runway.
Application of ESDU 11004- summary - -
ESDU 10002
Introduction to worked examples of tyres rolling or braking on dry or precipitate contaminated runways.
Application of ESDU 05011 and ESDU 13007 -
ESDU 10003
Worked example for tyre in linear motion on a contaminated runway surface.
An application of ESDU 05011. -
ESDU 10004
Worked example of ground-test machine operating on a dry or contaminated runway surface.
Application of ESDU 05011. -
ESDU 15008
Tyre in linear motion on a runway covered by various forms of loose snow.
An application of ESDU 05011 -
ESDU 15007
Worked example for tyre in yawed motion on a dry or wet runway surface.
An application of ESDU 13007
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ESDU 23009
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Section 9c : Tyre-Runway Forces - Development of Models
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ESDU TM 174
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Correlation of the micro-texture sharpness parameter F1 -
ESDU TM 191
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rebound resilience of interface layer - effect of temperature and bearing pressure -
ESDU TM 196
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Asphalt pavement surfaces - Surface temperature and decelerating forces -
ESDU TM 201
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
British Pendulum - use in modelling decelerating-force coefficients -
ESDU TM 202
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
ESDU Tyre modelling - rubber-block forces -
ESDU TM 205
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rubber blocks at high pressure -
ESDU TM 203
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
British Pendulum - illustration of ESDU models -
ESDU TM 204
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Hysteresis and adhesion - an algebraic model deduced from output from a British Pendulum -
ESDU TM 211
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Pressures under wet footprint -
ESDU TM 212
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rigidity modulus for interface material in wet conditions -
ESDU TM 151
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Stresses in the tread material of an unloaded inflated tyre. -
ESDU TM 161
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Calculation of coefficients of rolling, braking and yawed rolling resistance. -
ESDU TM 176
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Effective phase angle in tyre-friction modelling
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ESDU TM 174
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Section 9d : Tyre-Runway forces - Superseded Documents
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ESDU 71025
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. -
ESDU 71026
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. Part II: estimation of braking force. -
ESDU 86016
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. Part IV: estimation of effects of yaw. -
ESDU 90035
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres.
Part V: estimation of fluid drag forces. -
ESDU 86005
Vertical deflection characteristics of aircraft tyres
Superseded by ESDU TM 202 -
ESDU 13002
Worked example for aircraft with multiple-wheel undercarriages braking on water-covered runway.
Application of ESDU 11004.
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ESDU 71025
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Section 10 : Tyre Spray
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ESDU 83042
Estimation of spray patterns generated from the sides of aircraft tyres running in water or slush. -
ESDU 98001
Estimation of airframe skin-friction drag due to impingement of tyre spray. -
ESDU TM 95
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Impact forces resulting from wheel generated spray: a re-assessment of existing data
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ESDU 83042
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Section 11 : Airfield Performance
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ESDU 85029
Calculation of ground performance in take-off and landing. -
ESDU 85030
Force and moment components for take-off and landing calculations. -
ESDU PERF RG2/1
Reduction of take-off and landing measurements to standard conditions. -
ESDU TM 188
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Air and ground temperature
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ESDU 85029
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Section 12a : Contaminated Runways - Operations
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ESDU 08014
Guide to contaminated runway testing -
ESDU 15003
Planing of rib-tread aircraft tyres -
ESDU 19005
Accumulation of water on runway -
ESDU TM 96
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Operations on surfaces covered with slush
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ESDU 08014
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Section 12b : Contaminated Runways - Application of Methods
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ESDU 15009
Determination of hydroplaning speeds and corresponding hydrodynamic forces for rib tread aircraft tyres.
Application of ESDU 15003. -
ESDU TM 165
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of ground-rolling tests through water with a Canberra aircraft -
ESDU TM 192
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of aircraft tests on flooded runways: an empirical approach -
ESDU TM 167
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Mumeter Mk 6: a continuous friction measuring device. Evaluation on test surfaces at Nantes. -
ESDU TM 170
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Falcon 20: rolling on dry and snow-covered surfaces
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ESDU 15009
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Section 12c : Contaminated Runways - Statistical Analysis of Wet Runway Data
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ESDU 99015
Statistical analysis of wet runway friction for aircraft and ground-test machines -
ESDU 99016
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: aircraft with extensive set of test data. -
ESDU 99017
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: aircraft with limited set of test data. -
ESDU 00018
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: ground-test machine data.
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ESDU 99015
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Section 12d : Contaminated Runways - Superseded Documents
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ESDU 72008
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres.
Part III: planing.
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ESDU 72008
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Section 13 : Landing
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ESDU 84040
First approximation to landing field length for civil transport aeroplanes (50 ft, 15.24 m screen). -
ESDU 91032
Estimation of airborne performance in landing. -
ESDU 92020
Energy method for analysis of measured airspeed change in landing airborne manoeuvre. -
ESDU PERF EG6/2
Estimation of approach speed. -
ESDU PERF EG6/4
Estimation of ground run during landing.
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ESDU 84040
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Section 14 : Estimation - Take-off
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ESDU PERF EG5/1
Estimation of take-off distance. -
ESDU 76011
First approximation to take-off field length of multi-engined transport aeroplanes. -
ESDU 82033
First approximation to take-off distance to 50 ft (15.2 m) for light and general aviation aeroplanes. -
ESDU 87018
Example of take-off field length calculations for a civil transport aeroplane. -
ESDU 87037
Take-off performance of vectored-jet-thrust V/STOL aircraft.
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ESDU PERF EG5/1
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Section 15 : Estimation - Range and Endurance
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ESDU 73018
Introduction to estimation of range and endurance. -
ESDU 73019
Approximate methods for estimation of cruise range and endurance: aeroplanes with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 74018
Lost range, fuel and time due to climb and descent: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 74041
Example of the use of Data Items on range performance. -
ESDU 75018
Estimation of cruise range: propeller-driven aircraft. -
ESDU 77015
Lost range, fuel and time due to climb and descent: propeller-driven aeroplanes.
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ESDU 73018
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Section 16 : Flight Path Optimisation
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ESDU 89015
Introduction to Data Items on flight path optimisation. -
ESDU 90012
Energy height method for flight path optimisation. -
ESDU 91016
Energy height method for flight path optimisation. Addendum A: numerical method suitable for rapid use on IBM PC compatible computers. -
ESDU 93021
Examples of flight path optimisation using a multivariate gradient-search method. -
ESDU 94016
Examples of flight path optimisation using a multivariate gradient-search method. Addendum A: variation of optimum flight profile parameters with range. -
ESDU 94012
Application of multivariate optimisation techniques to determination of optimum flight trajectories.
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ESDU 89015
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Section 17 : Estimation - Manoeuvres
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ESDU PERF EG8/1
Estimation of turning performance. -
ESDU PERF EG8/2
Estimation of rolling manoeuvrability.
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ESDU PERF EG8/1
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Section 18 : Statistical Techniques
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ESDU 91017
Statistical methods applicable to analysis of aircraft performance data. -
ESDU 91018
Example of statistical techniques applied to cruise performance guarantees (Student's "t" distribution). -
ESDU 91019
Example of statistical techniques applied to autoland touchdown dispersion (confidence intervals for normal and skew distributions). -
ESDU 91020
Variability of standard aircraft performance parameters. -
ESDU 92021
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of landing ground roll distance measurements. (Linear regression, correlation coefficient and F test.) -
ESDU 92022
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of measurements of the landing airborne manoeuvre. (Multiple linear regression with two independent variables and one dependent variable.) -
ESDU 93023
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of effects of small changes. -
ESDU 96024
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of paved runway sizes (Bivariate Normal Distribution).
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ESDU 91017
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Section 19 : Similarity Methods
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ESDU 97025
Similarity rules for application in aircraft performance work. -
ESDU 98026
Example of similarity methods applied to base drag coefficient of conical afterbodies in axisymmetric flow (jet off). -
ESDU 08010
Example of similarity methods applied to aircraft drag data from flight test
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ESDU 97025
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Section 20 : Fitting of Functions
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ESDU 01011
Compendium of curves and approximating algebraic functions. -
ESDU 06025
Guide to linear Least Squares curve fitting techniques
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ESDU 01011
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Section 21 : Air Data - Flight Test Measurement
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ESDU 86031
Introduction to air data system parameters, errors and calibration laws. -
ESDU 83029
The correction of flight-test anemometric data. -
ESDU 88025
Derivation of primary air-data parameters for hypersonic flight. -
ESDU 93020
Computation of static pressure downstream of a normal shock for hypersonic flight (ambient temperature known).
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ESDU 86031
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Section 22 : Air Data - Sensor Calibrations and Errors
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ESDU 86006
Pitot and static errors in steady level flight. -
ESDU 95024
Example of analysis and representation of static pressure correction data in steady flight. -
ESDU 85011
Pitot and static errors due to non-steady flight. -
ESDU 87038
Calibration of anemometric pressure systems for lag. -
ESDU 85036
Conversion of air-data system pressure errors into height and speed corrections. -
ESDU TM 218
An example of air data pressure correction with a dependency on engine power settings -
ESDU 84007
The treatment of calibrations of total air temperature probes for use in flight-test analysis work.
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ESDU 86006
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Section 23 : Thrust Determination
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ESDU 69006
Introduction to the measurement of thrust in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines.) -
ESDU 69007
The determination of gross thrust and mass flow in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines with convergent nozzles.) -
ESDU 69008
Curves for use in the determination of gross thrust and mass flow in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines with convergent nozzles.)
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ESDU 69006
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Section 24 : Analysis - Jet Aeroplanes
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ESDU 70020
Non-dimensional approach to engine thrust and airframe drag for the analysis of measured performance data: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70021
Graphical method for the analysis of measured performance data using drag determination: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70022
Non-dimensional graphical method for the analysis of measurements of steady level speed, range and endurance: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70023
The measurement and analysis of climb and excess power performance. -
ESDU PERF RJ1/2
Performance analysis for aircraft with turbo-jets. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Rate of climb. -
ESDU 79018
Example of performance analysis using data obtained concurrently in air-path, body and Earth axes. -
ESDU 15001
Aircraft performance from flight test Part 1: derivation of a mathematical model -
ESDU 16003
Aircraft performance from flight test Part 2: thrust-drag accounting -
ESDU 17013
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 3: in-flight calibration of an angle of attack sensor -
ESDU 20006
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 4: Calibration of pressure air data systems, Sub-part i: subsonic flight -
ESDU 20007
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 4: calibration of pressure air data systems, Sub-part ii: GPS methods for determining true airspeed and wind speeds -
ESDU TM 185
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Air data calibration using a GPS/INS (EGI) -
ESDU TM 190
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Aircraft performance from flight test: An example of the use of manoeuvring flight -
ESDU TM 189
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of tests on a convergent nozzle in an altitude test facility -
ESDU TM 199
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE FROM FLIGHT TEST
Derivations applicable to ESDU 20007 on the GPS methods for determining true airspeed and wind speeds.
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ESDU 70020
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Section 25 : Reduction Methods - Aeroplanes
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ESDU PERF RJ2/0
Introductory sheet on the analytical method of performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-jets. -
ESDU PERF RJ2/1
Analytical method of performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-jets. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RT1/0
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. -
ESDU PERF RT1/1
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Level speed. -
ESDU PERF RT1/2
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RT1/3
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Range and endurance. -
ESDU PERF RP1/0
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers -
ESDU PERF RP1/1
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Level speed. -
ESDU PERF RP1/2
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RP1/3
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Fuel consumption. -
ESDU PERF RP2/0
General method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers.
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ESDU PERF RJ2/0
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Section 26 : Analysis - Turbine Helicopters
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ESDU 73026
Introduction to non-dimensional methods for the measurement of performance of turbine-engined helicopters. -
ESDU 73027
Non-dimensional methods for the measurement of hover performance of turbine-engined helicopters. -
ESDU 74042
Non-dimensional methods for the measurement of level-flight performance of turbine-engined helicopters.
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ESDU 73026
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Section 27 : Aircraft Performance Program
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ESDU 00031
Aircraft Performance Program. Part 1: Introduction to the computer programs for aircraft performance evaluation. -
ESDU 00032
Aircraft performance program. Part 2: installing and running Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00033
Aircraft performance program. Part 3: brief guide. Programs APP02, APP03. -
ESDU 00034
Aircraft performance program. Part 4: Brief form of input and output. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00035
Aircraft performance program. Part 5: detailed input and output. Program APP02. -
ESDU 00036
Aircraft performance program. Part 6: examples of application. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00037
Aircraft performance program. Part 7: Error messages. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00038
Aircraft performance program. Part 8: description of APP02. -
ESDU 00039
Aircraft Performance Program. Part 9: Testing programs APP02 and APP03.
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ESDU 00031
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Section 28 : Risk - Treatment and Analysis
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ESDU 08003
Treatment of risk within commercial air transport -
ESDU 08004
Example of risk analysis applied to en-route flight path for large jet transport aircraft -
ESDU 08005
Example of risk analysis applied to aircraft landing distance -
ESDU 08006
Example of risk analysis for an aircraft subject to performance errors
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ESDU 08003
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Section 29 : Aircraft Controllability
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ESDU 24001
Spinning -
ESDU 24002
Minimum control speeds in the air:
Take-off and landing configurations
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ESDU 24001