ESDU Fluid Mechanics, Internal Flow Series

Methods and data are given for use by the plant engineer, design engineer or consultant in the day- to- day evaluation of fluid flow through various piping systems. Hand calculation methods and computer programs based on empirically-derived correlations and numerical methods provide rapid and reliable estimates of fluid flow parameters. The limits of applicability are stated and guidance is given on the maximum tolerance to be allowed on the predictions.

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Section 1 : Organisational Documents
- ESDU 04021
  Fluid Mechanics, Internal Flow Series: Record of Documents.
  - summary - document -
Section 2 : General
- ESDU CFA
  Conversion factors.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU FMI1
  Introductory memorandum on the pressure losses in internal flow systems.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 12003
  Pressure and Flow Measurements.
  - summary - document -
Section 3 : Compressible Flow Relationships
- ESDU 67035
  Jet flow parameters
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 74028
  One-dimensional compressible gas flow in ducts.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 95011
  One-dimensional representation of steady, spatially non-uniform flow. An equivalent mean-value set for compressible flow. Part 1. Implementation for an ideal, calorically-perfect gas.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 97029
  One-dimensional representation of steady, spatially non-uniform flow. An equivalent mean-value set for compressible flow. Part 2. Implementation for an ideal, thermally-perfect gas.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 03012
  Computer program for calculation of mean value properties for non-uniform compressible flows.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU TM 148
  ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
  The implications of flow property profiles on determination and application of non-dimensional pressure loss coefficients for flow of incompressible fluids
  - summary - document -
Section 4 : Straight Pipes
- ESDU 66027
  Friction losses for fully-developed flow in straight pipes.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU 74029
  Friction losses for fully-developed flow in straight pipes of constant cross section - subsonic compressible flow of gases.
  - summary - document - software - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 79014
  Losses caused by friction in straight pipes with systematic roughness elements.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU TN 08008
  CFD studies for the validation of friction losses and flow characteristics in circular straight pipes with smooth walls
  - summary - document -
- ESDU TN 08009
  CFD validation studies for transitional flow in circular straight pipes with smooth walls
  - summary - document -
Section 5 : Bends, Branches and Junctions
- ESDU 73022
  Pressure losses in three-leg pipe junctions: dividing flows.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 73023
  Pressure losses in three-leg pipe junctions: combining flows.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 83037
  Pressure losses in curved ducts: single bends.
  - summary - document - software - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 77009
  Pressure losses in curved ducts: interaction factors for two bends in series.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 77029
  Pressure losses in curved ducts: coils.
  - summary - document -
Section 6 : Duct Fittings and Equipment
- ESDU 66030
  Pressure losses in flowmetering devices.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 69022
  Pressure losses in valves.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 72009
  Pressure drop in ducts across round-wire gauzes normal to the flow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 74040
  Pressure loss during crossflow of fluids with heat transfer over plain tube banks without baffles.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 79034
  Crossflow pressure loss over banks of plain tubes in square and triangular arrays including effects of flow direction.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 81021
  Pressure losses caused by obstructions in ducts or pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 81039
  Flow of liquids. Pressure losses across orifice plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates in ducts.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 82009
  Compressible flow of gases. Pressure losses and discharge coefficients of orifice plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates in ducts.
  - summary - document - software - interactive graphs -
- ESDU TN 07007
  Incompressible flow through orifice plates - a review of the data in the literature.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU TN 10013
  CFD validation studies for incompressible flow through square-edged orifice plates.
  - summary - document -
Section 7 : Ejectors and Jet Pumps
- ESDU 92042
  Ejectors and jet pumps: computer program for design and performance for compressible gas flow.
  - summary - document - software - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 93022
  Ejectors and jet pumps: computer program for design and performance for liquid flow.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU 85032
  Ejectors and jet pumps. Design and performance for incompressible liquid flow.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 86030
  Ejectors and jet pumps. Design for steam driven flow.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 94046
  Ejectors and jet pumps: computer program for design and performance for steam/gas flow.
  - summary - document - software -
Section 8 : Duct Expansions
- ESDU 72011
  Flow through a sudden enlargement of area in a duct.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU 76027
  Introduction to design and performance data for diffusers.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 73024
  Performance of conical diffusers in incompressible flow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 74015
  Performance in incompressible flow of plane-walled diffusers with single-plane expansion.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 75026
  Performance of circular annular diffusers in incompressible flow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 87015
  Performance improvement of axial diffusers for incompressible flow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 90025
  Performance of conical diffusers in subsonic compressible flow.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
- ESDU TM 19
  ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
  Effects of truncation on diffuser performance.
  - summary - document -
Section 9 : Duct Contractions
- ESDU 05024
  Flow through sudden contractions of duct area: pressure losses and flow characteristics.
  - summary - document - software - interactive graphs -
- ESDU TN 06023
  CFD validation studies for pressure loss and flow characteristics in sudden contractions.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
Section 10 : Rotating Machinery
- ESDU 07004
  Flow in rotating components - discs, cylinders and cavities.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 15012
  Flow in Rotating Cavities
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 09004
  Labyrinth seal flow.
  - summary - document -
Section 11 : Two-Phase Flow - Guides to Pressure Drop Related Problems
- ESDU CF2
  Conversion factors for fluid flows.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU FMI2
  Guide to the flow relationships and statistical methods used in the Data Items on two-phase flow pressure gradients in straight pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 78018
  Guide to calculation procedures for solving typical problems related to pressure drop in two-phase flow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 88014
  Computer program for the prediction of air-lift pump performance.
  - summary - document - software -
Section 12 : Two-Phase Flow - Pressure Losses in Pipes
- ESDU 76018
  The frictional component of pressure gradient for two-phase gas or vapour/liquid flow through straight pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 01014
  Frictional pressure gradient in adiabatic flows of gas-liquid mixtures in horizontal pipes: prediction using empirical correlations and database.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 04006
  Pressure gradient in upward adiabatic flows of gas liquid mixtures in vertical pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 77016
  The gravitational component of pressure gradient for two-phase gas or vapour/liquid flow through straight pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 78001
  The momentum-change component of pressure change in two-phase flow and other non-equilibrium effects.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 89012
  Two-phase flow pressure losses in pipeline fittings.
  - summary - document -
Section 13 : Non-Newtonian Flow
- ESDU 97034
  Non-Newtonian fluids: Guide to classification and characteristics.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 95012
  Non-Newtonian fluids: obtaining viscometric data for frictional pressure loss estimation for pipeflow.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 04005
  Non-Newtonian fluids: tube viscometry worked example
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 91025
  Non-Newtonian fluids: frictional pressure loss prediction for fully-developed flow in straight pipes.
  - summary - document - software -
Section 14 : Fans
- ESDU 79037
  A guide to fan selection and performance.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
Section 15 : Pumps
- ESDU 80030
  Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps. Introduction.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 80031
  Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Size estimation, and specification.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 81001
  Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Glossary of terms.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 81002
  Radial, mixed and axial-flow pumps. Conversion factors.
  - summary - document - interactive graphs -
Section 16 : Air-Conditioning Systems
- ESDU TM 180
  ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
  Modelling of ventilation for thermal comfort and indoor air quality
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 82001
  An introduction and guide to noise in ventilation, air-conditioning and other ducting systems.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 82002
  Reduction of sound in ventilation and similar air distribution systems.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 82003
  Example to illustrate the use of Data Items on noise from ducted ventilation and air-conditioning systems.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 81043
  Sound in low velocity ventilation ducts.
  - summary - document -
Section 17 : Fluid Transients in Pipes and Tunnels
- ESDU 83046
  Fluid transients in pipes and tunnels. Speed of propagation of pressure waves.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 84013
  Fluid transients in pipes. Reduction and control of pressure surges in liquids.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 84038
  Fluid transients in pipes. Pressure surge following pump trip in rising mains and other similar discharge lines. Suppression using air vessels.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 85009
  Fluid transients in pipes. Use of air inlet/outlet valves as surge suppression devices.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU 85044
  Fluid transients in pipes. Pressure surge following booster pump trip. Suppression using pump bypass.
  - summary - document -
Section 18 : Fluid Transients
- ESDU 86015
  Fluid transients in pipes. Estimation of maximum pressures and forces in steam lines.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU 87027
  Computer program for the prediction of fluid transients in liquid-filled systems.
  - summary - document - software -
Section 19 : Pipeline Vibrations
- ESDU 88022
  Pipeline vibrations. Undamped natural vibration of pipelines.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU 89030
  Pipeline vibrations. Fluid transients in non-rigid, unbranched planar piping systems.
  - summary - document - software -
- ESDU 93031
  Pipeline vibrations. Computer program for the prediction of fluid transients in flexible, unbranched three-dimensional piping systems.
  - summary - document - software -
Section 20 : CFD Guides
- ESDU CFD-BPG 09010
  CFD Best Practice Guidelines for modelling friction losses and flow characteristics in straight pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU CFD-BMK 09011
  CFD Benchmarks for predicting friction losses and flow characteristics in straight pipes.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU CFD-BPG 07008
  CFD Best Practice Guidelines for modelling pressure loss and flow characteristics. Incompressible flow in sudden contractions.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU CFD-BMK 07009
  CFD Benchmarks for predicting pressure loss and flow characteristics. Incompressible flow in sudden contractions.
  - summary - document -
- ESDU CFD-BPG 11010
  CFD Best Practice Guidelines for modelling pressure losses and flow characteristics in square- and knife-edged orifice plates
  - summary - document -

This Series is complemented by the following software:

Programs

Name	Title	Type
A0116	Pressure losses in flow through a sudden contraction of duct area. See Data Items: 05024	ESDUpac
A0312	Estimation of mean value parameters for spatially non-uniform internal flows See Data Items: 03012	ESDUpac
A6627	Friction losses for fully-developed flow in straight pipes. See Data Items: 66027	ESDUpac
A7429	Friction losses for fully-developed flow in straight pipes of constant cross section - subsonic compressible flow of gases. See Data Items: 74029	ESDUpac
A8209	Compressible flow of gases. Pressure losses and discharge coefficients of orifice plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates in ducts. See Data Items: 82009	ESDUpac
A8337	Pressure losses in curved ducts: single bends. Computer program calculating frictional losses for incompressible flow in circular section bends. See Data Items: 83037	ESDUpac
A8615	Fluid transients in pipes. Estimation of maximum pressures and forces in steam lines. See Data Items: 86015	ESDUpac
A8727	Fluid transients in liquid-filled pipeline networks. See Data Items: 87027	ESDUpac
A8814	Prediction of air lift pump performance. See Data Items: 88014	ESDUpac
A8822	Pipeline vibrations. Undamped natural vibration in non-rigid, planar piping systems. See Data Items: 88022	ESDUpac
A8930	Pipeline vibrations. Fluid transients in non-rigid, unbranched planar piping systems. See Data Items: 89030	ESDUpac
A9125	Non-Newtonian fluids. Friction pressure loss prediction for fully-developed flow in straight pipes. Method of Dodge and Metzner. See Data Items: 91025	ESDUpac
A9242	Ejectors and jet pumps. Design and performance for compressible gas flow. See Data Items: 92042	ESDUpac
A9322	Ejectors and jet pumps. Design and performance for liquid flow. See Data Items: 93022	ESDUpac
A9331	Fluid transients in non-rigid, unbranched three-dimensional piping systems. See Data Items: 93031	ESDUpac
A9446	Ejectors and jet pumps. Design and performance for steam/gas flow. See Data Items: 94046	ESDUpac
B9125	Non-Newtonian fluids. Friction pressure loss prediction for fully-developed flow in straight pipes. Method of Bowen. See Data Items: 91025	ESDUpac