ESDU A-Z Index: CR-CZ

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Crack Detection

Selection of Non-Destructive Examination Method for Flaws, 91027: surface and sub-surface, 91027

Crack Length

Critical for Fast Fracture

see also: Aluminium Alloy Sheets; Steel Sheets; Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)

determination using resistance curves (R-curves), 20003

Crack Propagation

see also: Aluminium Alloy Bars and Plates; Aluminium Alloy Forgings; Aluminium Alloy Sheets; Aluminium-Lithium Alloy Bars; Aluminium-Lithium Alloy Plates and Sheets; Austenitic Stainless Steels; High Alloy Steels; High Tensile Low Alloy Steels; Low Tensile Low Alloy Steels; Maraging Steels; Martensitic Stainless Steels; Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels; Stress Intensity Factors; Threshold Stress Intensity Factor Range; Titanium Alloy (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al); Titanium Alloy (Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2Al-1Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-2.5Cu); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-3Mo-1v); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-5Al-2.5Sn); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si); Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn); Titanium Alloy (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V); Titanium Alloys; Titanium Sheets

Bibliography of Standard Solutions to Stress Intensity Factors, 80036
Introduction to Use of Linear Fracture Mechanics, 80036
Method of Calculating Crack Growth, 17003, 81011, 84001, 84003
Modes of Crack Opening, 80036
Summary of Available Data, 23012
Surface Treatments of Steels to Inhibit: guidance on selection of appropriate, 89031
Under Fatigue Loading: dependence on stress intensity factor range, 80036; description of process, 71009, 80036; description of process in conjunction with fretting, 90031; differences in behaviour between long and short cracks, 80036, 92023, 92030; difficulty in calculating stress intensity factor for short cracks, 80036, 92023, 92030; discussion of effect of crack tip shielding, 80036; graph illustrating effect of crack tip shielding for corrosion resistant steels, 84003; in welded joints, from weld to parent material, 86013; plastic zone radius in plane strain or plane stress, 80036; stages in growth, 80036; threshold of stress intensity factor range and effect of stress ratio, 80036
Under Tension: conditions for plane strain, 80036; conditions for plane stress, 80036; crack growth curves (R-curves) for specific materials, 20003; fracture toughness and methods of testing, 80036; introduction to crack growth resistance curves (R-curves), 20003, 80036; plastic zone radius in plane strain or plane stress, 80036; residual strength and critical crack size, 80036; thickness effects on plane strain or plane stress, 80036

Cranes

Dynamic Response to Turbulence and Wind

see: Response of Buildings and Structures; Response of Buildings and Structures To Atmospheric Turbulence; Response of Buildings and Structures To Vortex Shedding

Mean Forces and Moments Due to Wind

see: Overturning Moment on Surface-Mounted Structures; Profile Drag; Sideforce; Torsional Moment on Structures

Mechanical Vibration Characteristics

see: Buildings

Crankcase Oils

see: Engine Oils

Crank-Rocker Mechanisms

see also: Balancing of Linkages; Force Balancing of Linkages; Linkages; Moment Balancing of Linkages

Analysis, 10019, 76005, 81033, ME1
Coupler Maximum End-Load and Corresponding Crank Angle, 76005, ME1
Crank Angle Between Dead Centres, 76005, ME1
Crank Maximum Inertia Torque and Corresponding Crank Angle, 76005, 81033, ME1
Design Practical Considerations, 76005, ME1
Extreme Transmission Angles, 76005, 81033, ME1
Parallel-Coupler, 76005, 81033, ME1
Performance Curves for One Complete Crank Rotation: coupler acceleration, 81033; coupler angle of swing, 81033; coupler pin force, 81033; coupler velocity, 81033; crank inertia torque, 81033; rocker acceleration, 81033; rocker angle of swing, 81033; rocker velocity, 81033; transmission angle, 81033
Pin Forces: equations and program for forces at all joints by kinetostatic method, 90022; equations for forces at coupler joints using simple idealisations, 76005, ME1
Return Ratio, 76005, ME1
Rocker Angle at Extended Dead Centre, 76005, ME1
Rocker Maximum Velocity and Corresponding Crank Angle, 76005, 81033, ME1
Rocker Total Angle of Swing, 76005, 81033, ME1
Synthesis, 76005, ME1
Worked Example Illustrating Use of OSMEC Program to Analyse and Design, 98023
Worked Examples Crank-Rocker Linkage and Ackermann Steering Linkage, 10019

Cranks

see: Wing Cranks or Notches

Creep Behaviour

Of Various Metallic Materials: aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys, and nickel steels and steels 00932 (MMDH)

Crippling

see: Struts of Channel Section; Struts of I-Section; Struts of Lipped or Unlipped Z-Section; Struts of Tubular Section

Criteria of Failure

see: Failure Criteria

Criteria of Yielding

see: Yielding

Critical Conditions in Fluid Flow

see also: Flow Separation

Aerofoils

prediction of critical Mach number from incompressible inviscid pressure distribution, 74008

Aerofoils of High-Speed Section (or Elliptical Section)

variation of critical Mach number with lift coefficient and thickness, AERO W.00.03.01

Choking in Duct Flow

see: Choking Conditions in Duct Flow; One-Dimensional Flow

Dry-Out in Boiling Flow

see: Boiling Flow in Pipes

Effect of Transition on Separation and Drag of Bluff Bodies Normal to Flow

description of flow conditions, 71012

pair of circular-section cylinders, 84015

square- and rectangular-section cylinders with rounded edges, 71016

two-dimensional circular-section cylinders in a duct, 80024

two-dimensional circular-section cylinders normal or inclined to flow, 80025

Flooding Limits in Condensers

see: Reflux Condensers; Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers

Flow Limits in Heat Pipes

see: Heat Pipes

Forebody-Cylinders at Incidence

Reynolds numbers for various stability regimes, 89014

Intakes

area or mass flow ratio for onset of spillage on all cowls, 84004

area or mass flow ratio for onset of spillage on NACA 1-series cowls, 81024

for operation of double or single ramp rectangular external-compression, 75005

Response to Vortex Shedding of Circular or Polygonal Cross-Section Structures

to switch from broad- to narrow-band or vice versa, 96030

Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow

see: Transition

Transition From Laminar to Wavy Laminar in Gravity Controlled Evaporating Annular Film

Reynolds number, 98010

Tube Bundles in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

for fluidelastic instability and for response to wake shedding, 87019

Wings

determination of Mach number normal to given swept isobar and critical pressure coefficient, 75027

prediction of type of pitch-break based on planform geometry, 01005

Critical Crack Length

For Fast Fracture

see: Crack Length

Critical Damping Coefficient

Definition for Linear System, 22001, 77032

Critical Stress Intensity Factor

see: Fracture Toughness; Threshold Stress Intensity Factor Range

Cross Flow Curve Model

see: Non-Newtonian Fluids

Crossflow Heat Exchangers

see also: Condensing Flow Over Low-Finned Tubes; Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Fouling; Fouling in Combustion Plant; Fouling in Cooling Water Systems; Fouling in Crude Oil Distillation Plant; Free Convection Heat Transfer; Heat Exchangers; Mixed Forced-Free Convection Heat Transfer; Pressure Drop Across Tube Banks; Pressure Drop in Internal Flow; Roughness

Cost Data for Air-Cooled With Various Fluids as Function of Heat Load and Operating Pressure, 92013: effect of bundle length, tube diameter and type, and operating noise, 94043; use in selection of heat exchanger type for given duty, 92013
Four-Pass With Co- or Counter-Current Flow, Mixed or Unmixed: charts of thermal effectiveness for design/performance rating, 98005; effect of header or U-tube connections of tubes, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98005; prediction of temperature meet (cross) between streams, 98005
Guidance on Selection of Types on Basis of Thermal Performance, 98004
Prediction of Acoustic Resonance for In-Line or Staggered Tube Bundles: acoustic damping for suppression of resonance, 88028; acoustic Strouhal number, 88028; modes and isobars for circular duct, 88028; types of potential damage from, 88028; typical wave form in rectangular duct, 88028; use of deresonating baffles or other solution methods, 88028
Serpentine With Co- or Counter-Current Flow and Various Numbers of Tube Passes: charts of thermal effectiveness for design/performance rating, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98004, 98005; prediction of temperature meet (cross) between co-current streams, 98005
Single-Pass With Various Mixing Assumptions: charts of thermal effectivenesss for design/performance rating, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98004, 98005; prediction of temperature meet (cross) between streams, 98005
Three-Pass With Co- or Counter-Current Flow, Mixed or Unmixed: charts of thermal effectiveness for design/performance rating, 98005; effect of header or U-tube connections of tubes, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98004, 98005; prediction of temperature meet (cross) between co-current streams, 98005
Two-Pass With Co- or Counter-Current Flow, Part-Mixed or Unmixed: charts of thermal effectiveness for design/performance rating, 98005; effect of header or U-tube connection of tubes, 98005; maximum heat transfer effectiveness, 98004, 98005; prediction of temperature meet (cross) between streams, 98005
Vibration of Tube Bank: effect of buffeting on wear and life, 87019; mechanisms causing, 87019; methods of reducing risk, 87019; prediction of fluidelastic instability, 87019; prediction of natural frequency of tubes, 87019; response to wake shedding, 87019
Worked Example of Use of Thermal Effectiveness Data, 98006

Cross-Wind Force

see: Sideforce

Cruciform Fins/wings

see also: Wing-Body Combination

Effect on Base Drag of Cylindrical Afterbodies at Supersonic Speeds
Effect on Body Drag-Rise Mach Number: zero angle of attack, 74013
Effect on Pitching Moment Derivative Due to Acceleration in Heave: low incidence and supersonic speeds, 91004
Effect on Pitching Moment Derivative Due to Rate of Pitch: low incidence and supersonic speeds, 91004
Mounted at or Upstream of Base, 97022
Normal Force on Sharp-Edged Delta, Cropped Delta and Rectangular: symmetric configuration (with one wing in plane of symmetry), 90013
Pitching Moment on Sharp-Edged Delta, Cropped Delta and Rectangular: symmetric configuration (with one wing in plane of symmetry), 90013
Rolling Moment Derivative Due to Rolling: delta, cropped delta or rectangular on cylindrical body, AERO A.S.06.03.01, AERO A.S.06.03.03

Cruciform Joints

see: Welded Joints in Steels; Welded Transverse Joints in Aluminium Alloys; Welded Transverse Joints in Steels Under Axial Loading; Welded Transverse Joints in Steels Under Bending

Crude Petroleum

see also: Fouling in Crude Oil Distillation Plant

Composition, 71003

Cruise

see: Endurance (Flight Time); Flight Path Optimisation; Range; Specific Air Range; Specific Endurance

Cruise-Climb

see: Endurance (Flight Time); Flight Path Optimisation; Range

Cubes

Dynamic Response to Turbulence and Wind

see: Response of Buildings and Structures; Response of Buildings and Structures To Atmospheric Turbulence; Response of Buildings and Structures To Vortex Shedding

Mean Forces, Moments and Pressures Due to Wind or Other Fluid Flows

see: Axial Force; Base Pressure; Bluff Bodies; Derivatives; Internal Pressure; Pressure Distribution; Profile Drag; Sideforce; Torsional Moment on Structures

Cumulative Distribution Function

see: Statistics

Cumulative Fatigue Damage

see: Fatigue Under Variable Amplitude Loading

Curved Beams

Under Bending in Plane of Curvature: deflections, flange efficiency factors and stresses, 71004

Curved Ducts

Stress Analysis

see: Pipe Bends (unrestrained); Pipe Bends (with End Flanges); Pipe Bends (with Straight Pipe Attachments)

With Internal Flow

see also: Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Noise in Air-Conditioning Duct Systems; Pipes with Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

design information for guide vanes, 83037

Curved Panels

see also: Curved Rectangular Plates; Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Curved Square Plates; Curved Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates

Damping Ratio Values

variation with frequency, 73011

Dynamic Response to Excitation

see: Response of Lightweight Structures

Post-Buckling Analysis Under Shear

angle of diagonal tension and of maximum tensile stress in plate, 77018

compressive stress in frames and stiffeners, 77018

diagonal tension factor, 77018

inward radial loading on frames and stiffeners, 77018

maximum tensile stress in plate, 77018

Under Shear

buckling stress for simply-supported edges, STRUCT 02.03.18, STRUCT 02.03.19

Curved Pipes

Stress Analysis

see: Pipe Bends (unrestrained); Pipe Bends (with End Flanges); Pipe Bends (with Straight Pipe Attachments)

With Internal Flow

see also: Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Noise in Air-Conditioning Duct Systems; Pipes with Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

design information for guide vanes, 83037

Curved Rectangular Plates

see also: Curved Panels; Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness); Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates; Curved Square Plates; Curved Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates

Dynamic Response

mode shapes with fixed edges, 87002

natural frequencies, edges fixed, 87002

natural frequencies, edges simply-supported, 87002

Dynamic Response to Excitation

see also: Response of Lightweight Structures

estimation of stresses under acoustic loading, 72005

Dynamic Response to Excitation Above Ring Frequency

equation for coupling loss factor for connected, 98020, 99009

equation for modal density in bending, 99009

Under Compression-and-Tension (Biaxial, Uniform) With Normal Pressure

buckling stress for simply-supported edges, STRUCT 02.01.50

Under Compression (Biaxial, Uniform) With Normal Pressure

buckling stress for simply-supported edges, STRUCT 02.01.50

Under Compression (Uniaxial, Uniform) With Normal Pressure

average and edge stresses for clamped edges, STRUCT 02.01.11

buckling stress for clamped edges, STRUCT 02.01.10

introduction, 72012

Under Compression (Uniaxial, Uniform) With Shear and Normal Pressure

buckling stress for various edge conditions, STRUCT 02.04.01

Under Normal Pressure (Uniform)

deflections and stresses for various edge conditions, 69019

Under Shear

buckling stress for simply-supported edges, STRUCT 02.03.18, STRUCT 02.03.19

Curved Sandwich Panels (Cores of Negligible Flexural Stiffness)

see also: Sandwich Panels and Plates

Isotropic Faceplates: natural frequencies, 72016; stress response to acoustic loading, 72017
Orthotropic Faceplates: program for lower natural frequencies (bending modes), 86024; program for natural frequencies, 85037; program for strain response to acoustic loading, 86024

Curved Specially-Orthotropic Rectangular Plates

see also: Corner Section in Specially-Orthotropic Plates; Laminated Construction Using Composites

Program for Lower Natural Frequencies: with uniform in-plane biaxial loading, 89011
Program for Stress Response to Acoustic Loading, 84008
Under Compression-and-Tension (Biaxial, Uniform) With Normal Pressure: buckling stress for simply-supported edges, 94007
Under Compression (Biaxial, Uniform) With Normal Pressure: buckling stress for simply-supported edges, 94007

Curved Square Plates

see also: Curved Rectangular Plates

Under Normal Pressure (Uniform) on Concave or Convex Face: centre deflection for various edge conditions, 87036; centre membrane stress for various edge conditions, 87036; centre stress in unloaded face for various edge conditions, 87036; greater stress at mid-point of edge for various edge conditions, 87036; prediction of snap-through for convex plates, 87036

Curved Tubes

Stress Analysis

see: Pipe Bends (unrestrained); Pipe Bends (with End Flanges); Pipe Bends (with Straight Pipe Attachments)

With Internal Flow

see also: Forced Convection Heat Transfer; Noise in Air-Conditioning Duct Systems; Pipes with Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Gas- or Vapour-Liquid Internal Flow; Pressure Drop in Internal Flow

design information for guide vanes, 83037

Curved Unbalanced Laminated Rectangular Plates

see also: Laminated Construction Using Composites

Program for Lower Natural Frequencies: with uniform in-plane biaxial loading, 89011

Curve Fitting

see also: Beta Functions; Regression; Similarity Laws

Algebraic Functions for Various Types of Curves and Example Curves: brief consideration of advantages and limitations of various fitting functions, 01011; guidance on appropriate use of various fitting functions, 01011; logic functions for use with discontinuous curves or with ramp functions, 01011; polynomials, Legendre polynomials, and rational and peak functions, 01011; various single-term functions including trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, 01011
Sketches of Various Curve Shapes and Guidance on Functions Likely to Fit, 01011