ESDU Performance Series
The information provides data and methods both for the estimation of the performance of a proposed aircraft at every stage of its design, from project stage to operation, and for performance measurement.
The information on performance estimation can be used for design and development, project and research studies, pre-flight specification and, finally, the synthesis of precise operational data based on flight test results. In many cases the data give three levels of estimation method: a first approximation requiring minimum data input, a "project" method considering the major variables, and a comprehensive calculation framework for detailed estimates and synthesis of operational data.
Performance measurement information covers methods of handling flight-test measurements, including analysis using the equations of motion, reduction to standard conditions by incremental adjustment and presentations in the form of non-dimensional groups. Information is given on the correction of air-data measurements and methods of in-flight thrust measurement for turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines.
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Section 1 : Explanatory and General Guidance
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ESDU 99035
Performance Series record of documents -
ESDU Notation and Units
Notation and units in Peformance Data Items -
ESDU CFA
Conversion factors. -
ESDU 80009
The use of Data Items on aircraft performance measurement. -
ESDU 80026
The use of Data Items on aircraft performance estimation. -
ESDU 04008
Use of Carpet Plots to represent functions of two variables. -
ESDU 04012
Examples of construction of carpet plots from experimental data.
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ESDU 99035
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Section 2 : Equations of Motion
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ESDU 78038
Introduction to equations of motion for performance. -
ESDU 80032
Simplified forms of performance equations. -
ESDU 86004
Simplified forms of performance equations. Addendum A: effect on aeroplane level speed of small changes in thrust, drag, weight, power. -
ESDU 92019
Estimation of rate of climb. -
ESDU 94039
Effects of small changes on rate of climb. -
ESDU 81046
Acceleration factors for climb and descent rates at constant EAS, CAS, M. -
ESDU 94040
Effects of cabin pressure on climb and descent rates.
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ESDU 78038
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Section 3 : Atmospheric Data
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ESDU 68046
Atmospheric data for performance calculations. -
ESDU 72018
Atmospheric data for performance calculations. Addendum: height in feet, data in SI units. -
ESDU 77022
Equations for calculation of International Standard Atmosphere and associated off-standard atmospheres. -
ESDU 78012
Height relationships for non-standard atmospheres.
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ESDU 68046
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Section 4 : Airspeed Data
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ESDU 69026
Airspeed data for performance calculations.
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ESDU 69026
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Section 5 : Drag of Airframes
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ESDU ASTEROID
Aircraft Surface Tolerances for Enhanced Repair, Operations and Design -
ESDU 81026
Representation of drag in aircraft performance calculations (with Addenda A to G). -
ESDU 97016
Estimation of airframe drag by summation of components: principles and examples. -
ESDU 94044
Excrescence drag levels on aircraft. -
ESDU 88006
Estimation of drag arising from asymmetry in thrust or airframe configuration.
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ESDU ASTEROID
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Section 6 : Drag of Engines
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ESDU 84005
Estimation of drag due to inoperative turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines using Data Item Nos 81009 and 84004. -
ESDU 81009
Estimation of windmilling drag and airflow of turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 84004
Estimation of spillage drag for a wide range of axisymmetric intakes at M less than 1.
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ESDU 84005
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Section 7 : Estimation - Jet and Fan Engine Thrust
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ESDU 76034
Estimation of take-off thrust using generalised data for turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 77001
Effect of intake total pressure loss on net thrust at take-off: turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines.
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ESDU 76034
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Section 8 : Estimation - Propellers
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ESDU 83001
Approximate parametric method for propeller thrust estimation. -
ESDU 83028
Approximate parametric method for propeller thrust estimation. Addendum A: application to fixed-pitch propellers. -
ESDU PERF ED1/1
Approximate estimation of drag of windmilling propellers. -
ESDU PERF ED1/2
Approximate estimation of braking thrust of propellers (piston engines).
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ESDU 83001
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Section 9a : Tyre-Runway Forces - Mathematical Models for Calculating Forces
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ESDU 23001
Introduction to ESDU tyre-runway modelling -
ESDU 23002
Tyre braking on dry or water-covered runways - summary of ESDU tyre-runway modelling -
ESDU 23003
Static braking-force coefficients for tyres on wet and dry surfaces -
ESDU 23004
Tyre skidding on dry, paved surfaces -
ESDU 23005
Tyre slipping on dry, paved surfaces -
ESDU 23006
Tyre skidding on wet, paved surfaces -
ESDU 23007
Tyre slipping on wet, paved surfaces -
ESDU 23008
Decelerating forces on tyres moving through water or slush -
ESDU 16008
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres -Introduction to the ESDU methods -
ESDU 15002
Definitions for runway contaminants and the classification and distribution of hard runway surfaces -
ESDU 05011
Summary of the model for performance of an aircraft tyre rolling or braking on dry or precipitate contaminated runways. -
ESDU 10015
Model for performance of a single aircraft tyre rolling or braking on dry and precipitate contaminated runways -
ESDU 13007
Side-force coefficients on aircraft tyres in yawed and unbraked motion on dry and wet pavements -
ESDU 11004
Decelerating forces on multiple-wheel undercarriages rolling or braking on precipitate contaminated runways
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ESDU 23001
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Section 9b : Tyre-Runway Forces - Worked Examples
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ESDU 23009
Aircraft braking on dry runway
Application of ESDU 23002 -
ESDU 23010
Aircraft tyre in linear motion braking on water-covered runway:
Application of ESDU 23002 -
ESDU 23011
Ground-test machine operating on water-covered runway surface:
Application of ESDU 23002 -
ESDU 10002
Introduction to worked examples of tyres rolling or braking on dry or precipitate contaminated runways.
Application of ESDU 05011 and ESDU 13007 -
ESDU 10003
Worked example for tyre in linear motion on a contaminated runway surface.
An application of ESDU 05011. -
ESDU 10004
Worked example of ground-test machine operating on a dry or contaminated runway surface.
Application of ESDU 05011. -
ESDU 15008
Tyre in linear motion on a runway covered by various forms of loose snow.
An application of ESDU 05011 -
ESDU 15007
Worked example for tyre in yawed motion on a dry or wet runway surface.
An application of ESDU 13007 -
ESDU 13002
Worked example for aircraft with multiple-wheel undercarriages braking on water-covered runway.
Application of ESDU 11004.
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ESDU 23009
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Section 9c : Tyre-Runway Forces - Development of Models
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ESDU TM 174
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Correlation of the micro-texture sharpness parameter F1 -
ESDU TM 191
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rebound resilience of interface layer - effect of temperature and bearing pressure -
ESDU TM 196
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Asphalt pavement surfaces - Surface temperature and decelerating forces -
ESDU TM 201
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
British Pendulum - use in modelling decelerating-force coefficients -
ESDU TM 202
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
ESDU Tyre modelling - rubber-block forces -
ESDU TM 205
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rubber blocks at high pressure -
ESDU TM 203
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
British Pendulum - illustration of ESDU models -
ESDU TM 204
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Hysteresis and adhesion - an algebraic model deduced from output from a British Pendulum -
ESDU TM 211
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Pressures under wet footprint -
ESDU TM 212
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Rigidity modulus for interface material in wet conditions -
ESDU TM 151
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Stresses in the tread material of an unloaded inflated tyre. -
ESDU TM 161
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Calculation of coefficients of rolling, braking and yawed rolling resistance. -
ESDU TM 176
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Effective phase angle in tyre-friction modelling
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ESDU TM 174
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Section 9d : Tyre-Runway forces - Superseded Documents
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ESDU 71025
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. -
ESDU 71026
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. Part II: estimation of braking force. -
ESDU 86016
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres. Part IV: estimation of effects of yaw. -
ESDU 90035
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres.
Part V: estimation of fluid drag forces.
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ESDU 71025
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Section 10 : Tyre Spray
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ESDU 83042
Estimation of spray patterns generated from the sides of aircraft tyres running in water or slush. -
ESDU 98001
Estimation of airframe skin-friction drag due to impingement of tyre spray. -
ESDU TM 95
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Impact forces resulting from wheel generated spray: a re-assessment of existing data
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ESDU 83042
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Section 11 : Airfield Performance
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ESDU 85029
Calculation of ground performance in take-off and landing. -
ESDU 85030
Force and moment components for take-off and landing calculations. -
ESDU PERF RG2/1
Reduction of take-off and landing measurements to standard conditions. -
ESDU TM 188
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Air and ground temperature
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ESDU 85029
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Section 12a : Contaminated Runways - Operations
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ESDU 08014
Guide to contaminated runway testing -
ESDU 15003
Planing of rib-tread aircraft tyres -
ESDU 19005
Accumulation of water on runway -
ESDU TM 96
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Operations on surfaces covered with slush
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ESDU 08014
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Section 12b : Contaminated Runways - Application of Methods
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ESDU 15009
Determination of hydroplaning speeds and corresponding hydrodynamic forces for rib tread aircraft tyres.
Application of ESDU 15003. -
ESDU TM 165
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of ground-rolling tests through water with a Canberra aircraft -
ESDU TM 192
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of aircraft tests on flooded runways: an empirical approach -
ESDU TM 167
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Mumeter Mk 6: a continuous friction measuring device. Evaluation on test surfaces at Nantes. -
ESDU TM 170
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Falcon 20: rolling on dry and snow-covered surfaces
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ESDU 15009
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Section 12c : Contaminated Runways - Statistical Analysis of Wet Runway Data
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ESDU 99015
Statistical analysis of wet runway friction for aircraft and ground-test machines -
ESDU 99016
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: aircraft with extensive set of test data. -
ESDU 99017
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: aircraft with limited set of test data. -
ESDU 00018
Example of statistical analysis of wet runway friction: ground-test machine data.
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ESDU 99015
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Section 12d : Contaminated Runways - Superseded Documents
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ESDU 72008
Frictional and retarding forces on aircraft tyres.
Part III: planing.
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ESDU 72008
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Section 13 : Landing
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ESDU 84040
First approximation to landing field length for civil transport aeroplanes (50 ft, 15.24 m screen). -
ESDU 91032
Estimation of airborne performance in landing. -
ESDU 92020
Energy method for analysis of measured airspeed change in landing airborne manoeuvre. -
ESDU PERF EG6/2
Estimation of approach speed. -
ESDU PERF EG6/4
Estimation of ground run during landing.
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ESDU 84040
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Section 14 : Estimation - Take-off
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ESDU PERF EG5/1
Estimation of take-off distance. -
ESDU 76011
First approximation to take-off field length of multi-engined transport aeroplanes. -
ESDU 82033
First approximation to take-off distance to 50 ft (15.2 m) for light and general aviation aeroplanes. -
ESDU 87018
Example of take-off field length calculations for a civil transport aeroplane. -
ESDU 87037
Take-off performance of vectored-jet-thrust V/STOL aircraft.
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ESDU PERF EG5/1
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Section 15 : Estimation - Range and Endurance
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ESDU 73018
Introduction to estimation of range and endurance. -
ESDU 73019
Approximate methods for estimation of cruise range and endurance: aeroplanes with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 74018
Lost range, fuel and time due to climb and descent: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 74041
Example of the use of Data Items on range performance. -
ESDU 75018
Estimation of cruise range: propeller-driven aircraft. -
ESDU 77015
Lost range, fuel and time due to climb and descent: propeller-driven aeroplanes.
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ESDU 73018
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Section 16 : Flight Path Optimisation
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ESDU 89015
Introduction to Data Items on flight path optimisation. -
ESDU 90012
Energy height method for flight path optimisation. -
ESDU 91016
Energy height method for flight path optimisation. Addendum A: numerical method suitable for rapid use on IBM PC compatible computers. -
ESDU 93021
Examples of flight path optimisation using a multivariate gradient-search method. -
ESDU 94016
Examples of flight path optimisation using a multivariate gradient-search method. Addendum A: variation of optimum flight profile parameters with range. -
ESDU 94012
Application of multivariate optimisation techniques to determination of optimum flight trajectories.
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ESDU 89015
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Section 17 : Estimation - Manoeuvres
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ESDU PERF EG8/1
Estimation of turning performance. -
ESDU PERF EG8/2
Estimation of rolling manoeuvrability.
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ESDU PERF EG8/1
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Section 18 : Statistical Techniques
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ESDU 91017
Statistical methods applicable to analysis of aircraft performance data. -
ESDU 91018
Example of statistical techniques applied to cruise performance guarantees (Student's "t" distribution). -
ESDU 91019
Example of statistical techniques applied to autoland touchdown dispersion (confidence intervals for normal and skew distributions). -
ESDU 91020
Variability of standard aircraft performance parameters. -
ESDU 92021
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of landing ground roll distance measurements. (Linear regression, correlation coefficient and F test.) -
ESDU 92022
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of measurements of the landing airborne manoeuvre. (Multiple linear regression with two independent variables and one dependent variable.) -
ESDU 93023
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of effects of small changes. -
ESDU 96024
Example of statistical techniques applied to analysis of paved runway sizes (Bivariate Normal Distribution).
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ESDU 91017
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Section 19 : Similarity Methods
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ESDU 97025
Similarity rules for application in aircraft performance work. -
ESDU 98026
Example of similarity methods applied to base drag coefficient of conical afterbodies in axisymmetric flow (jet off). -
ESDU 08010
Example of similarity methods applied to aircraft drag data from flight test
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ESDU 97025
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Section 20 : Fitting of Functions
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ESDU 01011
Compendium of curves and approximating algebraic functions. -
ESDU 06025
Guide to linear Least Squares curve fitting techniques
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ESDU 01011
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Section 21 : Air Data - Flight Test Measurement
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ESDU 86031
Introduction to air data system parameters, errors and calibration laws. -
ESDU 83029
The correction of flight-test anemometric data. -
ESDU 88025
Derivation of primary air-data parameters for hypersonic flight. -
ESDU 93020
Computation of static pressure downstream of a normal shock for hypersonic flight (ambient temperature known).
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ESDU 86031
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Section 22 : Air Data - Sensor Calibrations and Errors
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ESDU 86006
Pitot and static errors in steady level flight. -
ESDU 95024
Example of analysis and representation of static pressure correction data in steady flight. -
ESDU 85011
Pitot and static errors due to non-steady flight. -
ESDU 87038
Calibration of anemometric pressure systems for lag. -
ESDU 85036
Conversion of air-data system pressure errors into height and speed corrections. -
ESDU 84007
The treatment of calibrations of total air temperature probes for use in flight-test analysis work.
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ESDU 86006
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Section 23 : Thrust Determination
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ESDU 69006
Introduction to the measurement of thrust in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines.) -
ESDU 69007
The determination of gross thrust and mass flow in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines with convergent nozzles.) -
ESDU 69008
Curves for use in the determination of gross thrust and mass flow in flight. (Air breathing ducted-flow engines with convergent nozzles.)
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ESDU 69006
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Section 24 : Analysis - Jet Aeroplanes
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ESDU 70020
Non-dimensional approach to engine thrust and airframe drag for the analysis of measured performance data: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70021
Graphical method for the analysis of measured performance data using drag determination: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70022
Non-dimensional graphical method for the analysis of measurements of steady level speed, range and endurance: aircraft with turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. -
ESDU 70023
The measurement and analysis of climb and excess power performance. -
ESDU PERF RJ1/2
Performance analysis for aircraft with turbo-jets. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Rate of climb. -
ESDU 79018
Example of performance analysis using data obtained concurrently in air-path, body and Earth axes. -
ESDU 15001
Aircraft performance from flight test Part 1: derivation of a mathematical model -
ESDU 16003
Aircraft performance from flight test Part 2: thrust-drag accounting -
ESDU 17013
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 3: in-flight calibration of an angle of attack sensor -
ESDU 20006
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 4: Calibration of pressure air data systems, Sub-part i: subsonic flight -
ESDU 20007
Aircraft performance from flight test. Part 4: calibration of pressure air data systems, Sub-part ii: GPS methods for determining true airspeed and wind speeds -
ESDU TM 185
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Air data calibration using a GPS/INS (EGI) -
ESDU TM 190
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Aircraft performance from flight test: An example of the use of manoeuvring flight -
ESDU TM 189
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
Analysis of tests on a convergent nozzle in an altitude test facility -
ESDU TM 199
ESDU TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE FROM FLIGHT TEST
Derivations applicable to ESDU 20007 on the GPS methods for determining true airspeed and wind speeds.
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ESDU 70020
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Section 25 : Reduction Methods - Aeroplanes
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ESDU PERF RJ2/0
Introductory sheet on the analytical method of performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-jets. -
ESDU PERF RJ2/1
Analytical method of performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-jets. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RT1/0
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. -
ESDU PERF RT1/1
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Level speed. -
ESDU PERF RT1/2
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RT1/3
Performance reduction for aircraft with turbo-props. "Non-dimensional" graphical method. Range and endurance. -
ESDU PERF RP1/0
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers -
ESDU PERF RP1/1
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Level speed. -
ESDU PERF RP1/2
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Rate of climb. -
ESDU PERF RP1/3
Standard British method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers. Fuel consumption. -
ESDU PERF RP2/0
General method of performance reduction for piston-engined aircraft with constant-speed propellers.
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ESDU PERF RJ2/0
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Section 26 : Analysis - Turbine Helicopters
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ESDU 73026
Introduction to non-dimensional methods for the measurement of performance of turbine-engined helicopters. -
ESDU 73027
Non-dimensional methods for the measurement of hover performance of turbine-engined helicopters. -
ESDU 74042
Non-dimensional methods for the measurement of level-flight performance of turbine-engined helicopters.
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ESDU 73026
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Section 27 : Aircraft Performance Program
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ESDU 00031
Aircraft Performance Program. Part 1: Introduction to the computer programs for aircraft performance evaluation. -
ESDU 00032
Aircraft performance program. Part 2: installing and running Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00033
Aircraft performance program. Part 3: brief guide. Programs APP02, APP03. -
ESDU 00034
Aircraft performance program. Part 4: Brief form of input and output. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00035
Aircraft performance program. Part 5: detailed input and output. Program APP02. -
ESDU 00036
Aircraft performance program. Part 6: examples of application. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00037
Aircraft performance program. Part 7: Error messages. Programs APP02 and APP03. -
ESDU 00038
Aircraft performance program. Part 8: description of APP02. -
ESDU 00039
Aircraft Performance Program. Part 9: Testing programs APP02 and APP03.
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ESDU 00031
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Section 28 : Risk - Treatment and Analysis
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ESDU 08003
Treatment of risk within commercial air transport -
ESDU 08004
Example of risk analysis applied to en-route flight path for large jet transport aircraft -
ESDU 08005
Example of risk analysis applied to aircraft landing distance -
ESDU 08006
Example of risk analysis for an aircraft subject to performance errors
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ESDU 08003
This Series is complemented by the following software:
Name | Title | |
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Toolbox ASTEROID |
Aircraft Surface Tolerances for Enhanced Repair, Operations and Design
See Data Items:
ASTEROID
|
Run |
Toolbox ASTEROID fp |
Aircraft Surface Tolerances for Enhanced Repair, Operations and Design - Flat Plate
See Data Items:
ASTEROID
|
Run |
Toolbox ISA | International Standard Atmosphere app | Run |
Name | Title | Type |
---|---|---|
A8825 |
Thermodynamic properties of air in equilibrium
See Data Items:
88025
|
ESDUpac |
APP |
ESDU Aircraft Performance Program (APP)
See Data Items:
00032
|
ESDUpac |